Nanotechnology in drug delivery systems and insights to advances in nanocarriers, liposomes, and micelles for targeted drug delivery and controlled release

Abstract

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of drug delivery, offering innovative solutions to longstanding
challenges such as poor bioavailability, systemic toxicity, and non-specific distribution of therapeutic agents. This
review highlights recent advances in nanocarrier systems particularly liposomes, micelles, and other engineered
nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and controlled release. A comprehensive literature review was conducted
across leading scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar,
to explore recent advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. The search utilized a combination of
relevant keywords such as “nanotechnology,” “drug delivery systems,” “nanocarriers,” “liposomes,” “micelles,”
“controlled release,” “targeted delivery,” “nanoformulations,” and “nanomedicine.” The review synthesized current
developments in the design and application of nanocarriers—particularly liposomes, polymeric micelles, and other
nanoformulations—that enhance drug solubility, stability, bioavailability, and site-specific delivery. Key strategies in
controlled and sustained drug release were examined, along with the role of surface functionalization and stimuliresponsive mechanisms in achieving precise therapeutic targeting. Emphasis was placed on the integration of active
targeting approaches, including ligand-mediated delivery systems, which have shown significant promise in oncology,
infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. While nanotechnology has markedly advanced the field of drug
delivery, several challenges persist, including issues related to biocompatibility, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory
approval, and long-term safety. This review highlights the potential of nanomedicine to address the limitations of
conventional drug delivery and improve clinical outcomes. Continued interdisciplinary research and strategic
development are essential to overcome current barriers and facilitate the successful translation of nanocarrier
technologies from the laboratory to clinical practice.